Sang Cheol Ahn

DOI: Vol.49(No.5) 981-1004, 2003

The purpose of this paper is to describe the various types of English interdental substitution within the framework of Optimality Theory. For this Purpose, I will first categorize the substitution patterns into four major types and discuss the phonological implication of each pattern. During the discussion, I will propose that Ident-manner be exploded for [cont] and other manner features such as [stiff vocal folds] and [sibilant]. As for the positional variation occuring in Dutch and Korean, I will argue for positional markedness, rather than positional faithfulness. During the discussion on Korean, I will also discuss alternative accounts and point out their problems such as the lact of uniformity in explanation. for instance, most earlier studies, focussing on the substitution of the voiceless interdental, cannot deal with the substitution of the voiced one. Finally, I will show how this current analysis can be used for the substitution of other English fricatives.

English, interdental, substitution, Optimality Theory, Japanese, Korean, Dutch, positional markedness,영미문학, 문화연구, 비교문학, 비평이론, English and American Literature, cultural studies, comparative literature, critical theory

Euen Hyuk Sarah Jung

DOI: Vol.49(No.5) 1005-1020, 2003

With a major shift in the focus of second language teaching from a grammatical to a communicative approach over the last two decades, a great deal of attention has been paid to developing second language Iearners` communicative competence. Despite much emphasis on the acquisition of communicative abilities by these learners, there has been Iess emphasis on the role of classroom teaching in developing second language Iearners` such abilities. A need was also found for heightening the pragmatic awareness of English as a second Language (ESL) / English as a foreign Language (EFL) teachers themselves·to be more effective in meeting the need of Iearners to develop communicative abilities in their classrooms. Teachers should be aware of how language is used in a real context to provide the "authentic" language input to Iearners in teaching a second language as well as to develop and evaluate second language teaching materials. Speech act research can provide us with a useful framework to better understand rules of speaking and new insights into how to teach Iearners such social rules for effective second language communication. The purpose of this paper is to address the issue of guiding second language learners to acquire communicative abilities by focusing on speech acts. More specifically. it provides a framework for apology speech acts and examines the manner in which apoIogy speech acts are presented in current ESL / EFL textbooks. It further makes suggestions for teaching apologies to second language learners.

second language (L2) communication, materials development, communicative competence, ESL / EFL, speech acts, sociocultural proficiency,영미문학, 문화연구, 비교문학, 비평이론, English and American Literature, cultural studies, comparative literature, critical theory

Hae Moon Lee

DOI: Vol.49(No.5) 1021-1046, 2003

The interaction hypothesis (Long 1983a, b, c) is the first testable hypothesis that proposed the role of interaction, especially meaning negotiation, for SLA. The interaction hypothesis has two versions, the original and the revised. The original interaction hypothesis proposed that meaning negotiation between a native and a non-native speaker promotes comprehension and in turn, the comprehension of input promotes acquisition. In the revised version, Long(1996) proposed that the reason why meaning negotiation promotes SLA is not comprehension but `focus on form.` The present study examines the original interaction hypothesis with Korean university EFL students for both theoretical and practical purposes. The revision of the hypothesis implies a fuudamental difference in its theoretical position but Long`s revision was motivated mainly by the conflicting findings from the previous empirical studies. The goal of the present study is to improve the research method of the previous studies and to find the rationale for the revision. from a practical perspective of English education, the effect of interaction between the native and non-native speaker or between the non-native speakers is an important issue in Korea. because English class is operated by those two types of interaction in the current communicative teaching trend, but the effects of them have rarely been examined. findings suggest that the meaning negotiation was more effective for EfL vocabulary Iearning but it was not due to comprehension. In turn, it was suggested that the new nedium should replace comprehension, though the present study could not find whether the new medium is `focus on form.`

interaction hypothesis, focus on form, vocabulary acquisition, adult second language acquisition, meaning negotiation, interactional modification,영미문학, 문화연구, 비교문학, 비평이론, English and American Literature, cultural studies, comparative literature, critical theory

Chan Chung , Jong Bok Kim

DOI: Vol.49(No.5) 1047-1068, 2003

English displays two subtypes of locative inversions, light vs. heavy inversions, depending on the heaviness of the postverbal NP. This paper discusses how to analyze the similarities and differences between these two types of locative inversions under the framework of HPSC (Head-driven Phrase Structure Grammar). A crucial device of HPSG for our analysis is the type inheritance hierarchy where constraints on a supertype are inherited to its subtypes when no conflict exists between them. The similarities between the light and heavy inversions are captured by the constructional type hierarchy as well as the lexical type hierarchy. The different properties of the light and heavy Iocative inversions are captured by the assumption that they are separate constructions and thus have their own constructional and lexical subtype constraints. The analysis presented here shows that the intricate and complex properties of these two related types of inversion could follow from the interactions among constructional and lexical constraints.

locative inversion, heavy inversion, light inversion, focus, topic, information packaging, HPSG,영미문학, 문화연구, 비교문학, 비평이론, English and American Literature, cultural studies, comparative literature, critical theory

Eun Joo Kwak

DOI: Vol.49(No.5) 1069-1092, 2003

The introduction of a new entity "event" to the semantics triggers the change of sentence interpretations. Sentences are now construedas relations between ordinary individuals and an event rather than relations between iudividuals. To cope with this change, much research has been carried out on the properties of events. Contrasting with high interests in temporal properties, spaces do not draw much attention in the semantics. Part of the reasons for this contrast lies on the absence of grammatical representation for spaces as well as on the complex nature of spaces, i.e., three-dimensional properties. In this study, I address spatial problems of events. First, I review the necessity of positing "reference space" for sentence interpretations, and argue for reference space by tacking apparent problems with it. Second. I classify patterns of reference space in discourse and provide proper formulations for spatial readings by coining a path function and adopting a Iocation function.

event, reference time, reference space, location function, path function, discourse,영미문학, 문화연구, 비교문학, 비평이론, English and American Literature, cultural studies, comparative literature, critical theory

Jae Young Lee

DOI: Vol.49(No.5) 1093-1114, 2003

This paper argues that tenseness is orthogonal to length in English phonology, and that tense and lax vowels are not automatically realized as long and short. respectively. The paper thus suggests that we need to maintain the two features, tenseness and length, in English phonology. The paper also offers an optimality-theoretic account of the various distributions and alternations of English vowels with special reference to tenseness and length. On this OT account, it is shown that a variety of relations between length and tenseness is elegantly oaptured through the dynamic interactions of well-motivated phonological constraints likr FOOT-BINARITY, NON-FINALITY(∑`), HIATUS, [Tense, +low] and μμ↔TENSE. In offering an 0T analysis, this paper proposes a new constraint V(Lax)]_(prwd), which blocks lax vowels in word-final position. This OT account of the relation between tenseness and length implies that the relation is enforced and implemented by individual grammars, not by an axiomatic statement or assumption.

Optimality Theory, English vowels, tenseness, length, phonological constraints,영미문학, 문화연구, 비교문학, 비평이론, English and American Literature, cultural studies, comparative literature, critical theory

An Nah Moon

DOI: Vol.49(No.5) 1115-1139, 2003

West Germanic (Consonant) Gemination (WGG) is one of the phonological changes that separate West Germanic (WGmc) from other branches of Germanic languages such as East Germanic and North Germanic. Although many factors interact in triggering WGG, there has been no consensus which factor is a major one. The goal of this study are twofold : to analyze WGG within the Framework of Optimality Theory (OT) and to reconsider what really motivated WGG. In this paper, it is claimed that stem-final glides and liquids have a floating mora in the input and WGG is viewed as a means of being faithful to the mora count in the input. The analysis based on this claim is distinguished from the previous analyses in two respects. First, the proposed analysis demonstrates that WGG can be accounted for without recourse either to the notion of syllable contact nor to how the word-medial CR (R = resonant) clusters are syllabified. Secondly, the analysis proposed in this paper evinces WGG is neither the case that refutes Sympathy Theory nor the case that necessitates the levels in the grammar. Rather, contrary to Bermu´dez-Otero`S (1999ab) argument, it is shown that WGG can receive a more simple and coherent account within the framework of a strong parallel OT.

West Germanic, gemination, Optimality Theory, floating mora, constraints,영미문학, 문화연구, 비교문학, 비평이론, English and American Literature, cultural studies, comparative literature, critical theory